英语被动结构习得2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Chapter 1 Learnability and Language Learning1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 The Learnability Problem of Language Acquisition6

1.3 Learnability Considerations in Second Language Acquisition8

1.4 Language Input10

1.4.1 Positive Evidence10

1.4.2 Negative Evidence11

1.4.3 Negative Evidence in L2 Acquisition14

1.5 Overgeneralization and Language Transfer16

1.6 Thematic Hierarchy Condition19

1.7 Transitivity Theory22

1.7.1 The Transitivity Hypothesis23

1.7.2 Morphosyntactic Reflexes of Transitivity28

1.7.3 Criticisms of the Transitivity Hypothesis30

1.8 Semantic Structure Theory31

1.8.1 Conflation and Semantic Structure32

1.8.2 Passive in English38

1.8.3 Limitations of Pinker's Theory42

1.9 Passivization as the Target of Research43

1.10 Summary45

Chapter 2 English Passivization49

2.1 Introduction49

2.2 Characteristics of Passive Constructions50

2.3 Transitivity and the Passive52

2.4 The Active-Passive Alternation54

2.4.1 Predication Effect55

2.4.2 Agency Effect58

2.5 Object Affected Condition62

2.6 English Passivizable Verbs65

2.6.1 Canonical Action Verbs66

2.6.2 Nonactional Verbs68

2.6.3 Psych Verbs70

2.7 English Non-Passivizable Verbs77

2.8 Summary80

Chapter 3 Crosslinguistic Variation and Language Transfer82

3.1 Introduction82

3.2 A Comparative Study of Chinese Passivization83

3.2.1 The Bei Passive84

3.2.2 The Notional Passive88

3.2.3 Argument Animacy and Verb Transitivity93

3.2.4 The Role of Animacy and Its Effect on Passivization95

3.3 Overpassivization of Unaccusative Verbs99

3.4 Crosslinguistic Influences104

3.5 Summary107

Chapter 4 Testing Learners'Knowledge of the English Passive109

4.1 Introduction109

4.2 Study 1110

4.2.1 Subjects110

4.2.2 Materials112

4.2.3 Procedure114

4.2.4 Scoring115

4.2.5 Results and Discussion115

4.3 Study 2129

4.3.1 Subjects129

4.3.2 Materials130

4.3.3 Procedure131

4.3.4 Scoring132

4.3.5 Results and Discussion132

4.4 Study 3143

4.4.1 Subjects143

4.4.2 Materials144

4.4.3 Procedure145

4.4.4 Scoring146

4.4.5 Results and Discussion147

Chapter 5 General Discussion and Conclusions149

5.1 Introduction149

5.2 Findings on L2 Learning149

5.3 Evidence for Learning Patterns150

5.4 Linguistic Analysis of Overpassivization of Unaccusative Verbs151

5.5 L2 Acquisition of Argument Structure Alternations153

5.6 Future Research157

5.7 Conclusions158

Appendix A159

Appendix B167

Appendix C170

Appendix D173

Appendix E177

References179

List of Tables111

4.1 Mean scores of participants on an independent test of English proficiency111

4.2 Verb categories113

4.3 Percentage of the passive structure in the production task116

4.4 Frequency of passive and non-passive in subjects'production118

4.5 Item type and animacy combination in Chi-square test119

4.6 Percentages of the passives among the eight item types120

4.7 Verb categories and animacy combination130

4.8 Means and standard deviations for different verbs134

4.9 Means and standard deviations for different animacy combination136

4.10 Verb category144

4.11 Mean and standard deviations for the active sentences147

4.12 Mean and standard deviations for the passive sentences147

List of Figures121

4.1 Number of different voices of the kill verb with AA121

4.2 Number of different voices of the kill verb with AI122

4.3 Number of different voices of the find verb with AA123

4.4 Number of different voices of the find verb with AI124

4.5 Number of different voices of the amuse verb with AA125

4.6 Number of different voices of the amuse verb with AI125

4.7 Number of different voices of the admire verb with AA126

4.8 Number of different voices of the admire verb with IA127

4.9 Mean scores in the judgment task with different verbs(NS)133

4.10 Mean scores of judgment with different animacy combination(NS)134

4.11 Mean scores in the judgment task with different verbs(S1)136

4.12 Mean scores of judgment with different animacy combination(S1)136

4.13 Mean scores in the judgment task with different verbs(S3)137

4.14 Mean scores of judgment with different animacy combination(S3)138

4.15 Mean scores in the judgment task with different verbs(U1)138

4.16 Mean scores of judgment with different animacy combination(U1)139

4.17 Mean scores in the judgment task with different verbs(U3)139

4.18 Mean scores of judgment with different animacy combination(U3)140

4.19 Comparisons of mean scores among five groups(different verbs)140

4.20 Comparisons of mean scores(different animacy combination)141

4.21 Comparisons of mean scores with different verbs(AA)141

4.22 Comparisons of mean scores with different verbs(AI)142

4.23 Comparisons of mean scores with different verbs(IA)142