布莱克韦尔国际企业管理百科辞典2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

布莱克韦尔国际企业管理百科辞典PDF格式电子书版下载

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词条A-Z1

A/B空运单 见AIRBILL（空运单）1

acceptance承兑1

acceptance financing承兑信贷1

accountability责任制1

accounting differences会计差异1

accounting exposure会计暴露2

accounting system会计制度 见ACCOUNTING DIFFERENCES（会计差异）2

acculturation文化适应2

across-the-board tariff reductions全面降低关税2

ad valorem duty从价税3

adaptability screening适应性筛选3

ADB见ASLAN DEVELOPMENT BANK（亚洲开发银行）3

address commission 见CARGO BROKER（货物经纪人）3

admiralty court海事法庭3

admiralty law 见MARITIME LAW（海事法）3

ADR 见ADVANCED DETERMINATION RULING（预先判断裁决）3

ADR 见ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION（争端解决的备选方案）3

adunana关税4

advance against documents预付交单4

advance import deposits预付进口保证金4

advanced determination ruling（ADR）预先判断裁决4

advised letter of credit通知信用证4

advising bank通知行4

advisory capacity咨询资格5

advocacy advertising公益广告5

aesthetics审美观5

AFDB 见AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK（亚洲开发银行）5

affective approach, to training 见EXPATRIATE TRAINING（外派人员培训）5

affirmative action机会均等行动5

affirmative dumping determination肯定的倾销判定6

affreightment 见CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT（租船货运合同）6

AFIDA 见AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT DISCLOSURE ACT OF 1978（农业外国投资揭露法案1978）6

African Development Bank（ADB）非洲开发银行6

AG6

against all risks综合险7

agency for International Development（AID）国际开发署7

Agreement corporation协议公司7

Agreement on Customs Valuation 关税估价协定7

Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act of 1978（AFIDA）农业外国投资揭露法案19788

Agunaldo（Mexico）（墨西哥语）津贴8

AID 见AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT（国际开发署）8

air consignment note 见AIR WAYBILL（航空货运单）8

air freight空运8

air waybill（AWB）航空货运单8

air bill（A/B）空运单8

airport tax机场税8

alien外侨8

alien corporation外国公司9

alliance联盟9

allowance津贴9

all-risk clause 见AGAINST ALL RISKS（综合险）9

alongside在船边9

alternative dispute resolution（ADR）争端解决的备选方案10

American Accounting Association，International Section美国会计学会国际部10

American depository receipt（ADR）美国预托证券10

American depository share美国寄存股票10

American Plan美式收费制10

American style option美式期权11

AMF 见ARAB MONETARY FUND（阿拉伯货币基金组织）11

AMU 见ARAB MAHGREB UNION（阿拉伯赫格来伯联盟）11

ANCOM 见 ANDEAN COMMON MARKET（安第斯共同市场）11

ANDEAN 见ANDEAN COMMON MARKET（安第斯共同市场）11

Andean Common Market/Andean Pact（ANCOM）安第斯共同市场/安第斯条约组织11

Andean pact 见ZNDREAN COMMON MARKET（安第斯共同市场）11

antiboycott regulation反联合抵制法规11

anti-diversion clause反转移条款11

anti-dumping duty反倾销税12

anti-dumping law反倾销法12

APO 见ASLAN PRODUCTIVITY ORGANIZATION（亚洲生产力组织）12

appreciation（roreign currency）外币升值12

appropriate technology适用技术13

Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa（ABEDA）阿拉伯非洲经济开发银行13

Arab League阿拉伯联盟13

Arab Mahgreb Union（AMU）阿拉伯马赫格来伯联盟13

Arab Monetary Fund（AMF）阿拉伯货币基金组织14

arbitrage套汇、套利14

arbitrageur套利（套汇）专家14

arbitration仲裁14

arbitration agreements仲裁协议15

arbitration clause 见ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS（仲裁协议）15

area division structure 见GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE（地理机构）15

arms-length pricing公平定价15

ASEAN 见ASSOCLATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS（东南亚国家联盟）15

Asia Currency Market亚洲货币市场15

Asia dollar亚洲美元16

Asia Pacific Federation of Personnel Management Association（APEPMA）亚太地区人力管理协会联盟16

Asian Development Bank（ADB）亚洲开发银行16

Asian Productivity Organization（APO）亚洲生产力组织16

assembly operations装配16

assignment（foreign）外派17

assignment completion外派任务完成17

assignment status外派身份17

Association of Southeast Asian Nations（ASEAN）东南亚国家联盟18

assumed shelter cost假定的住房费用18

assured被保险人18

assurex保险公司18

at-post education就地教育18

ATA carnet暂时许可证19

attache随员19

autonomous duty自主关税19

average海损19

avoidance strategies回避战略19

away-from-post education异地教育20

AWB 见AIR WAYBILL（航空货运单）20

bachelor status单身身份21

back translation逆译21

back-to-back letter of credit背对背信用证21

back-to-back loan背对背贷款21

balance sheet approach资产负债表法22

band波幅22

Bank for International Settlements（BIS）国际结算银行22

Bank of Central African states（BCAS）中非国家银行23

Banker′s acceptance银行承兑23

bareboat charter光船租赁23

bargaining讨价还价23

barriers壁垒23

barter易货贸易25

base currency基础通货25

base salary底薪25

base workweek基本工作周25

basket of currencies一揽子货币26

benchmarking标杆管理法26

beneficiary受益人26

benefit allowance福利津贴27

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works（1886）伯尔尼保护文学艺术财产公约（1886）27

Berne Union 见 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZXATION（世界知识产权组织）27

bid price递价、投标价27

bilateral tax agreement双边税收协定27

bilateral trade双边贸易27

bilateral treaty双边条约28

bill of entry报关单28

bill of exchange汇票28

bill of lading提单28

birdyback飞机托运载货挂车29

BIS 见 BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT（国际结算银行）30

black market黑市30

black money黑钱30

bloc 见TRADING BLOC（贸易集团）30

blocked account封锁帐户、冻结帐户30

blocked currency封锁货币、冻结货币30

body language身体语言30

bonded storage保税仓库31

bonded warehouse 见BONDED STORAGE（保税仓库）31

bonus system奖金制度31

bounty补助金31

boycott联合抵制32

brand extension品牌延伸32

brand piracy盗用品牌32

break-bulk杂货33

Bretton Woods Conference布雷顿森林会议33

bribery贿赂33

British Export Credits Department英国出口信贷部34

broker经纪人34

buffer stock缓冲存货34

built-in export department内设出口部35

bulk cargo散装货物35

bulk carrier散装货船35

Bureau of Export Administration（BXA/BEA）（美国）商务部出口管理局35

business visitor visa 见COMMERCLAL VISA（商务鉴证）35

bustarella小信封35

buy national购买国货35

buy-back agreements返销协定35

buying agent采购代理36

Cable rates电汇费率37

CACM 见CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET（中美洲共同市场）37

CAD 见CASH AGAINST DOCUMENT（凭单付款）37

camp status营地状况37

Canadian International Development Agency（CIDA）37

CAP 见COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY（共同农业政策）37

capital movements code资本运动准则37

capitalism资本主义37

captive insurance company企业投资的保险公司38

cargo broker货物经纪人38

cargo insurance货物保险38

Caribbean Common Marker 见CARRIBBEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY（加勒比经济共同体）38

Caribbean Development Bank（CDB）加勒比开发银行38

Caribean Economic Community（CARICOM）加勒比经济共同体39

CARICOM 见CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET（加勒比共同市场）；CARIBBEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY（加勒比经济共同体）39

Carnet通关卡39

carriage and insurance paid to（CIP）运费加保险费付至（指定目的地）40

carriage paid to（cpt）运费付至（指定目的地）40

carrier′s lien承运人的留置权40

cartel卡特尔40

cash against document（CAD）凭单付款40

cash before delivery 见CASH IN ADVAINCE（预付货款）41

cash in advance（CIA）预付货款41

cash management现金管理41

cash with order（CWO）订货付款41

CBD 见cash before delivery（交货前付款）41

CCC 见COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION（商品信贷公司）41

CDB 见CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK（加勒比开发银行）41

Center for International Briefing国际简报中心41

Central American Common Market（CACM）中美洲共同市场42

Central American Development Bank of Economic Integration（BCEI）中美洲经济一体化开发银行42

centralized management集权管理42

certificate of health健康证书43

certificate of inspection检验证书、产品合格证43

certificate of manufacturing制造证书44

certificate of origin产地证明书44

CFR见COST AND FREIGHT（成本加运费（指定目的港））44

CFRCHAPS 见CLEARING HOUSE AUTOMATED PAYMENT SYSTEM（清算所自动支付系统）44

CHIPS 见CLEARING HOUSE INTERBANK PAYMENT SYSTEM（票据交换所银行间支付系统）44

CIA 见CASH IN ADVANCE（预付货款）44

CIF 见COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT（成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港））44

CIP见 CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO（运费及保险费付至）44

circular letter of credit巡回信用证45

civil law民法、大陆法45

clean bill of lading清洁提单45

clean collection光票托收45

clean remittance光票汇款45

clearing account barter清算帐户易货贸易45

clearing house automated payment system（CHAPS）清算所自动支付系统45

clearing house interbank payment system（CHIPS）票据交换所银行间支付系统46

closed economy封闭经济46

code law编码法46

code of liberalization of capital movements见CAPITAL MOVEMENTS CODE（资本运动准则）46

codetermination共同决策46

COFACE出口信贷保险机构47

COFC平板货车上的集装箱47

collaborative strategies 见EMTRY STRATEGIES（进入战略）47

collection papers托收票据47

combination export manager（CEM）联合出口经理47

combined transport bill of lading联运货物提单47

combined transport operator（CTO）联运人47

commercial attaché商务专员47

commercial invoice商业发展48

commercial risk商业风险48

commercial visa商业签证48

commission agent佣金代理人48

commodity商品49

commodity cartel 见INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY GROUP（国际商品集团）49

Commodity Credit Corporation（CCC）商品信贷公司49

Common Agricultural Policy（CAP）共同农业政策49

Common External Tariff（CET/CXT）共同对外关税、对外统一关税49

common law system普通法体系50

common market共同市场50

communication交流50

Compagnie Fran？aise d′Assurances pour le Commerce Exterieure 见COFACE（出口信贷保险机构）511

comparative cost advantage比较成本优势51

compensation package（expatriate）（外派）补偿福利51

compensation trade补偿贸易54

compensatory duty补偿关税54

compensatory trade补偿贸易54

completion allowance完成津贴55

compound duty复合关税55

comprehensive export credit insurance coverage全面出口信贷保险范围55

concessional duty特许关税55

concessional financing优惠贷款55

confirmed letter of credit保兑信用证56

Confiscation没收56

Consign托运56

Consignee收货人、代销商56

Consignment寄售57

Consignor寄售人57

Consolidation并装57

Consul领事57

consul general总领事57

consular declaration领事说明书57

consular invoice领事发票57

consularization行使领事权58

consulate领事馆58

container集装箱58

container ship集装箱船58

containerization集装箱化58

contraband违禁品58

contract frustration合同失效59

contract manufacturing合同制造59

contract of affreightment租船货运合同59

contract of carriage运输合同59

contract repudiation合同失效59

contract repudiation coverage合同失效保险59

convention公约60

conversion 见FOREIGN EXCHANGE（外汇）60

convertibility可兑换性60

convertible currencies可兑换货币60

cooperation agreement合作协议60

cooperative exchange agreements合作兑换协定61

coordination center协调中心61

copyright版权61

corporate culture企业文化61

cost and freight——named port of destination（CFR）成本加运费（……指定目的港）62

cost differential 见 COST OF LIVING ALLOWANCE（生活费津贴）62

cost，insurance and freight（CIF）成本加保险费加运费（……指定目的港）62

cost of living allowance生活费津贴62

counterfeit 见PIRACY（盗版）63

counterpurchase agreements互购协定63

countertrade对等贸易63

countervailing duty（CVD）抵消关税64

country of origin原产国、来源国64

country risk国家风险64

country risk assessment国家风险评估65

country similarity theory国家相似性理论65

court of arbitration仲裁法庭65

Court of Justice 见EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE（欧洲法庭）65

CPT 见CARRIAGE PAID TO（运费付至……（目的地））66

credit mixte信贷资金66

credit protocol信贷协定66

credit risk insurance信用风险保险66

creeping expropriation逐步征用66

cross-cultural communication跨文化交流66

cross-cultural training跨文化培训68

cross licensing交换许可69

cross rate of exchange交叉汇率69

CTO 见COMBINED TRANSPORT OPERATOR（联运人）69

cultural adaptation文化适应69

cultural adoption文化采纳70

cultural assimilation文化同化70

cultural borrowing文化借用70

cultural diversity文化差异、文化多样性70

cultural empathy文化移情71

cultural factors 见CULTURAL VARIABLES（文化变量）71

cultural insensitivity文化不敏感71

cultural literacy文化读解能力71

cultural maps文化地图72

cultural noise文化噪声73

cultural norms文化规范73

cultural orientation 见CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING（跨文化培训）；EXPATRIATE TRAINING（外派人员培训）73

cultural profiles文化轮廓73

cultural relativism文化相对论74

cultural sensitivity文化敏感性74

cultural value dimensions（Hofstede′s）见VALUE DIMENSIONS（价值维度）74

cultural variables文化变量74

culture文化76

culture shock文化冲击76

currency depreciation货币贬值76

currency devaluation 见DEVALUATION（贬值）76

currency diversification货币多样化76

currency future market 见FUTURES（期货）77

currency hedge 见FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT（外汇风险管理）77

currency inconvertibility货币不可兑换性77

currency option货币期权77

customhouse broker海关代理人77

customs agencies报关行78

customs broker见CUSTOMHOUSE BROKER（海关代理人）78

customs classification海关分类78

customs clearing agent 见CUSTOMHOUSE BROKER（海关代理人）78

customs clearing time结关时间78

customs declaration通关申报单78

customs invoice海关发票78

customs valuation海关估价78

customs valuation code 见AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION（海关估价协定）79

CVD 见COUNTERVAILING DUTY（抵消关税）79

D/A 见DOCUMENTS AGAINST ACCEPTANCE（承兑交单）80

DAC 见DEVELEPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE（开发援助委员会）80

DAF 见DELIVERED AT FRONTIER（边境交货）80

danger pay危险工资80

date draft定期汇票80

dating systems计时系统80

DCR 见DOMESTIC CONTENT REQUIREMENTS（国内含量要求）80

DDP见 DELIVERED DUTY PAID（完税后交货）80

DDU见DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID（未完税交货）80

de facto protectionism事实上的保护主义81

debt rating债务等级81

decentralized management分权管理81

deconsolidation 见BREAK-BULK（杂货）81

delivered at frontier-named place（DAF）边境交货（……指定地点）81

delivered duty paid——named place of destination（DDP）完税后交货（……指定目的地）81

delivered duty unpaid——named place of destination（DDU）未完税交货（……指定目的地）82

delivered ex quay duty paid——named port of-destination（DEQ—duty paid）完税码头交货（……指定目的港）82

delivered ex quay duty unpaid——named port of destination（DEQ—duty unpaid）未完税码头交货（……指定目的港）82

delivered ex ship——named port of destination（DES）船上交货（……指定目的港）82

delivery risk交货风险83

demurrage延期费83

denationalization非国有化83

dependent visa 见VISA（签证）83

depreciation贬值83

DEQ-duty paid 见DELIVERED EX QUAY—DUTY PAID（完税码头交货）83

DEQ-duty unpaid 见DELIVERED EX QUAY—DUTY UNPAID（未完税码头交货）83

DES 见DELIVERED EX SHIP（船上交货）83

destination control statement目的地管制声明83

devaluation贬值84

Development Assistance Committee（DAC）开发援助委员会84

developmeng banks开发银行84

Development Center of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织的发展中心）84

differential duty差别关税84

diplomat外交官85

diplomatic agent外交人员85

direct exchange rate直接汇率85

direct importing直接进口85

direct marketing直销85

direct selling 见DIRECT MARKETING（直销）85

dirty bill of lading不洁提单85

dirty float肮脏浮动、管理浮动85

dirty money非法钱财、脏钱86

DISC 见DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SALES CORPORATION（国内国际销售公司）86

discriminatory taxation歧视性征税86

distributor经销商86

diversification strategy多元化战略86

dock receipt码头依据87

documentary collection跟单托收87

documentary credit信用证87

documentary draft跟单汇票87

documentary letter of credit跟单信用证87

documents 见ENTRY DOCUMENTS（入境证件）87

documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单88

documents against payment（D/P）付款交单88

domestic content requirements（DCR）国内含量要求88

Domestic International Sales Corporation（DISC）国内国际销售公司88

double taxation双重征税88

draft汇票88

drawback退税89

drawee受票人、付款人89

drawer出票人、收款人89

drop-lock floating-erate note附利率下限条款之浮动利率本票89

dual currency bond双重货币债券90

dumping倾销91

duty关税91

duty remission关税豁免92

EBRD 见EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT（欧洲复兴与开发银行）93

EC 见EUROPEAN COMMUNITY（欧共体）93

economic exposure经济风险93

economic integration经济一体化93

economic union经济联盟93

ECS carnet商品免税通关卡94

edge corporation埃奇公司94

education allowance教育津贴94

EEC 见EUROPEAN COMMUNITY（欧共体）94

EFTA 见EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION（欧洲自由贸易协会）94

EIB 见EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK（欧洲投资银行）94

embargo禁运95

embassy大使馆95

EMC 见EXPORT MANAGEMENT COMPANY（出口代理公司）95

employee categories员工类型95

employment agreement 雇佣协议 见EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT（雇佣合同）96

employment contract雇佣合同96

enroute expenses途中费用96

entering foreign markets见MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES（市场进入战略）96

Enterprise for the Americas Initiative（EAI）美洲创始计划96

entrěpot trade转口贸易97

entry documents入境证件97

entry strategies 见MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES（市场进入战略）98

environment and environmental ethics环境和环境伦理98

environment，cultural 见CULTURAL DIVERSITY（文化多样性）101

environmental analysis 见ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING（环境扫描）101

environmental orientation环境定位101

environmental scanning环境扫描101

EPC 见EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION（欧洲专利公约）102

equal opportunity平等机会102

equivalence of advantages见RECIPROCITY（互惠）102

equivalent treatment平等待遇102

escape clause例外条款102

ethnocentric approach to hiring母国中心主义的雇佣方法102

ethnocentrism母国中心主义、民族中心主义103

Europe 1992欧洲1992103

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development（EBRD） 欧洲复兴与开发银行103

European Central Bank（ECB）欧洲中央银行103

European commission欧洲委员会104

European Community（EC）欧共体104

European company欧洲公司105

European Council欧洲理事会105

European Council of Ministers欧洲部长理事会105

European Court of Justice欧洲共同体法院105

European Currency Unit（ECU）欧洲货币单位105

European Economic Area（EEA）欧洲经济区106

European Free Trade Association（EFTA）欧洲自由贸易联盟106

European Investment Bank（EIB）欧洲投资银行106

European Monetary System（EMS）欧洲货币体系106

European Parliament欧洲议会106

European Patent Convention（EPC）欧洲专利公约107

European Telecommunications Standards Institute（ETSI）欧洲电信标准学院107

European style option欧洲式期权107

evaluation of international managers见PERFORMANCE EVALUATION（业绩评价）107

evolution of global organization全球组织的演进107

exchange controls外汇管制108

exchange exposures汇率暴露108

exchange permit外汇许可证109

exchange rate汇率109

exchange risk 见EXCHANGE EXPOSURE（外汇暴露）109

exchange risk management 见FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT（外汇风险管理）109

exchange spread外汇差价109

exclusionary duty排外关税109

exclusive agent独家代理109

ex dock码头交货109

ex factory工厂交货110

exim bank 见EXPORT-IMPORT BANK（进出口银行）110

exit visa出境签证110

expat 见EXPATRIATE（外派人员）110

expatriate外派人员110

expatriate allowance 见EXPATRIATE DIFFERENTIAL（外派差额）111

expatriate assignment外派任务111

expatriate differential外派差额111

expatriate premium 见EXPATRIATE ALLOWANCE（外派津贴）112

expatriate selection 见SELECTION OF EXPATRIATE（外派人员选择）112

expatriate support system外派支持系统112

expatriate training外派人员培训112

export agent出口代理113

Export and Import Bank of Japan（EIBJ）日本进出口银行116

export barriers 见BARRIERS（壁垒）116

export broker出口经纪人116

export commission house出口代理商116

export contact list出口联系名录116

export credit出口信贷117

Export Credit Guarantees Department（ECGD）出口信贷担保部117

export documents出口单据117

export duty出口关税117

export financing出口融资117

export insurance出口保险118

export license出口许可证118

export management company（EMC）出口代理公司119

export permit 见EXPORT LICENSE（出口许可证）119

export quotas出口配额119

export restraints 见EXPORT QUOTAS（出口配额）119

export sales subsidiary出口销售子公司119

export structures 见MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES（市场进入战略）120

export subsidies出口补贴120

export tariff 见EXPORT DUTY（出口关税）120

export trading company（ETC）出口贸易公司120

Export -Import Bank（EXIM）进出口银行120

exporting出口120

exposure暴露121

exposure risks 见COMMERCIAL RISK（商业风险）；COUNTRY RISK（国家风险）；POLITICAL RISK（政治风险）121

expropriation征用121

ex quay 见DELIVERED EX QUAY（码头交货）121

ex ship 见DELIVERED EX SHIP（船上交货）121

extra-territorial application of employment law领土以外的就业法的应用121

EXW 见EX WORKS（工厂交货）122

ex works（named place）（EXW）工厂交货（……指定地方）122

F123

facilitating intermediary便利中间商123

factor代理人123

factor mobility要素流动性123

factoring代理经营123

failure rates失败率123

family status家庭身份124

FAS 见FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP（船边交货）124

FASB 52124

FCA 见FREE CARRIER（货交承运人）124

FCIA 见FOREIGN CREDIT INSURANCE ASSOCIATION（对外信贷保险协会）124

FCPA 见FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT（对外腐败行为法案）124

field experience现场经验124

financial infrastructure金融基础设施124

financial repatriation and multinational firms金融汇回与跨国公司124

FIRP 见FOREIGN INCOME INFORMATION RETURNS PROGRAN（外国收入信息返回计划）127

first world country第一世界国家127

fiscal clearance财务结算127

fixed exchange rate systems固定汇率制127

flag船籍国旗128

flag of convenience方便旗128

floating exchange rate浮动汇率128

FO 见FREE OUT（目的港交货）128

FOA 见FOOD AND AGRICAUTURE ORGANIZATION（联合国粮农组织）；FREE ON AIR（启运机场交货）128

FOB 见FREE ON BOARD（装运港船上交货）128

Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO）联合国粮农组织128

FOR（pre-1990 trading term）（1990前的贸易用语）见FREE ON RAIL（铁路交货）；INCOTERMS（国际贸易术语解释通则）129

force majeure不可抗力129

forecasting political risk预测政治风险129

foreign affiliate外国分支机构（分公司、子公司）132

foreign assignment外派任务132

foreign branch国外分支机构132

foreign corporation外国公司132

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）外国腐败行为法案132

foreign credit insurance参见CREDIT RISK INSURANCE（信用风险保险）133

Foreign Credit Insurance Association（FCIA）外国信用保险协会133

foreign currency外国货币133

foreign distributors 见DISTRIBUTOR（经销商）136

foreign exchange外汇136

foreign exchange arbitrageur套汇者137

foreign exchange broker外汇经纪人137

foreign exchange dealers外汇交易员137

foreign exchange loans外汇贷款137

foreign exchange markets外汇市场137

foreign exchange rate 见EXCHANGE RATE（汇率）142

foreign exchange restrictions 见EXCHINGE CONTROLS（外汇管制）142

foreign exchange risk 见EXCHANGE RISK（外汇风险）142

foreign exchange risk management外汇风险管理142

foreign exchange swaps外汇掉期142

foreign freignt forwarder 见FOREIGN FORWARDER（外运公司）142

foreign income外国收入142

foreign income information returns program外国收入信息返回计划142

foreign investment外国投资143

foreign investment codes外国投资法143

foreign manufacture′s agent 见EXPORT AGENT（出口代理）143

foreign national外国公民143

foreign payoffs BRIBERY（贿赂）143

foreign sales agent（FSA）见EXPORT AGENT（出口代理）143

foreign service premium 见EXPATRIATE ALLOWANCE（外派津贴）143

foreign source income外国来源收入143

foreign sourcing 见SOURCING（采购）144

foreign subsidiaries外国分支机构144

foreign tax credit外国税收抵免144

foreign trade zone（FTZ）对外贸易区144

FOREX外汇144

FOREX broker见FOREIGN EXCHANGE BROKER（外汇经纪人）144

forfaiting福费廷145

Fortress Europe堡垒欧洲145

forward contract期货合同、远期合同145

forward covering远期保险145

forward exchange rate远期汇率145

forward market 见 FOREIGN EXCHANGE（外汇）145

forwarding company货运公司145

FOT（1990年前的贸易用语）见FREE ON TRUCK（敞车交货）146

foul bill of lading不洁提单146

FPAAC 见FREE OF PARTICULAR AVERAGE（平安险）；GENERAL AVERAGE（共同海损）146

FPAEC 见FREE OF PARTICULAR AVERAGE（平安险）；ENGLISH CONDITIONS（英国条件平安险）146

franchise agreement特许协定146

free alongside ship-named port of shipment（FAS）船边交货（……指定装运港）146

free carrier-named place（FCA）货交承运（人……指定地点）147

free of all average一切海损均不赔偿、全损赔偿147

free of particular average（FPA）平安险147

free on air（FOA）启运机场交货147

free on board（FOB）船上交货147

free on fail（FOR）铁路交货148

free on truck（FOT）敞车交货148

free out目的港交货148

free trade area（FTA）自由贸易区148

free trade zone 见FOREIGN TRADE ZONE（对外贸易区）149

Freedom of Commerce and Navigation Treaty 见FRIENDSHIP，COMMERENCE，AND NAVIGATION TREATE（商业和海事友好条约）149

freight broker 见CARGO BROKER（货物经纪人）149

freight forwarder货运代理149

Friendship，Commerce，and Navigation Treaty（FCN）商业和海事友好条约149

fringe benefits额外福利149

frozen account 见BLOCKED ACCOUNT（封锁帐户）150

frozen assets冻结资产150

FTA 见FREE TRADE AREA（自由贸易区）150

functional currency功能货币150

functional intermediary职能中介150

furnishing allowance布置津贴150

futures远期合同150

futures contract 见FUTURES（远期合同）150

G151

Gaijin（日语）外来人151

gap analysis缺口分析151

GATT 见GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARRIFFS AND TRADE（“关贸总协定”）151

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（GATT）关贸总协定151

general average共同海损152

general license一般许可证153

general visa通用签证153

general system of preference（GSP）普惠制153

geocentric approach to hiring以全球为中心的雇佣方法154

geocentrism地球中心主义154

geographic structure地理结构154

global alliance 见STRATEGIC ALLIANCE（战略联盟）154

global branding全球品牌154

global cash management 见CASH MANAGEMENT（现金管理）154

global companies全球公司154

global enterprise全球企业155

global information technology 见INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY（信息技术）155

global leadership全球领导权、全球领导能力155

global sourcing全球采购156

global strategy全球战略156

globalization全球化157

governing law管辖法157

government procurement codes政府采购法案157

gradual internationalization 见EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL ORGANIZATION（全球组织的演进）157

gray market灰市157

gray money灰钱158

grease payment 见BRIBERY（贿赂）158

green card/green card holder绿卡/绿卡持有者158

green clause letter of credit绿条款信用证158

Gregorian calendar公历158

group norms群体规范158

GSP 见GENERALIZED SYSTEN OF PREFERENCES（普惠制）158

guaranteed letter of credit担保信用证159

guest workers外籍工人159

H160

hard currency硬通货币160

hard money 见HARD CURRENCY（硬通货币）160

hardship allowance艰苦劳动津贴160

harmonization协调160

HCN 见HOST COUNTRY NATIONALS（东道国国民）160

health certificate健康证明160

hedge套期保值160

hedging海琴、套期保值160

high contact cultures高触点文化161

high context cultures高语境文化161

Hijrah calender回历161

hiring 见STAFFING（人员配备）161

historically planned economy（HPE）历史上的计划经济161

home country母国162

home country national母国国民162

home currency本国货币162

home leave探亲假162

host country东道国162

host country nationals东道国国民162

house air waybill航空分提单162

household effects家庭财产162

housing allowance住房津贴163

human relations人事关系163

human resource management 见 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT（国际人力资源管理）163

human resource strategy人力资源战略163

human resources人力资源164

human rights policies人权政策165

hyperinflation过度膨胀165

hypothetical tax假设税165

I166

IAA 见INTER-AMERICAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION（泛美会计协会）166

IAC 见IMPORT ALLOCATION CERTIFICATE（进口分配证书）166

IASC 见INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COMMITTEE（国际会计标准协会）166

IBF 见INTERNATIONAL BANKING FACILITY（国际银行机构）166

IBRD 见INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT（国际复兴与开发银行）166

ICA 见INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ACCOUNTANTS（国际会计师委员会）166

ICC 见INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE（国际商会）166

ICG 见INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY GROUP（国际商品集团）166

ICO 见 INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY ORGANIZATION（国际商品组织）166

ICSID 见INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES（国际投资争端仲裁中心）166

IDA 见 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION（国际开发协会）166

IDB 见INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK（泛美开发银行）166

IDF 见IMPORT DECLARATION RLRM（进口申报表）166

identical reciprocity同一互惠166

IFC 见INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION（国际金融组织）167

IIC 见 INTER-AMERICAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION（泛美投资公司）167

ILO 见INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION（国际劳工组织）167

illegal alien见ALIEN（外侨）167

IMF conditionality 见INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND（国际货币基金组织）167

imitation模枋167

immersion approach，to training见EXPATRIATE TRAINING（外派人员培训）167

immigrant visa移民签证168

immigration 移民168

immigration regulations移民法规168

import进口、进口商品168

import allocation certificate（IAC）进口分配证书168

import barriers进口壁垒169

import broker进口经纪人169

import declaration form（IDF）进口申报表169

import deposit进口押金169

import （direct）（直接）进口169

import license进口许可证169

import quotas进口配额170

import restrictions进口限制170

in bond保税170

import substitution进口替代170

import tariff进口关税170

import trade control order notices进口贸易控制指令通知171

import wholesalers进口批发商171

in transit在途中171

income tax treaties所得税条约171

inconvertibility of currency coverage货币不可兑换性保险173

INCOTERMS国际贸易术语解释通则173

indigenization laws本国化法律174

indirect exchange rate间接汇率174

indirect exporting间接出口174

indirect quote（foreign exchange cross rate）间接报价（交叉汇率）174

indirect selling间接销售174

individually validated export license个人有效出口许可证175

industrial countries工业国175

industrial espionage工业间谍活动175

industrial or producer′s goods工业用品或生产用品175

industrial property工业产权、工业财产175

industrial relations产业关系、劳资关系176

infant industry argument幼稚产业论176

inflation通货膨胀176

inflation accounting通货膨胀会计176

influence peddling影响力贩卖177

Information giving approach to training 见EXPATRIATE TRAINING（外派人员培训）177

Information technology信息技术177

Infrastructure基础设施177

Injury损害177

Inland bill of lading内陆提单177

INMARSAT 见INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SATELITE ORGANIZATION（国际海事卫星组织）178

innovation创新178

insurance certificate保险凭证178

intellectual property知识产权178

Inter-American Accounting Association（IAA）泛美会计协会178

Inter-American Convention on Invention，Patents，Designs and Models泛美发明、专利、设计和模型协定179

Inter-American Development Bank（IDB）泛美开发银行179

Inter-American Investment Corporation（IIC）泛美投资公司179

interbank market银行间市场179

interbank offered rate银行间贷款利率180

interdepedence互相依赖180

interest arbitrage套息180

interest rate利率181

intermediated market 见INTERMEDIATION（中介作用）181

intermediation中介作用181

intermerchant中间商181

intermodal container见CONTAINER（集装箱）181

International Accounting Standards Committee（IASC）国际会计标准协会181

International agreement国际协定182

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development（IBRD）国际复兴与开发银行182

International Banking Act of1978国际银行法案（1978）182

international banking facility（IBF）国际银行机构182

international business国际经营182

International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes（ICSID）国际投资争端仲裁中心183

International Chamber of Commerce国际商会183

International code of business ethics国际商业道德准则183

International Commodity Agreement（ICA）国际商品协定186

International Commodity Group（ICG）国际商品集团186

International Commodity Organization（ICO）国际商品组织187

International companies国际企业187

International Congress of Accountants国际会计师委员会187

International Court of Justice（ICJ）（联合国的）国际法院187

international debt rating国际债务等级187

International Development Association（IDA）国际开发协会188

international division国际部188

International Finance Corporation（IFC）国际金融组织188

international human resource management（HRM）国际人力资源管理188

international integration国际一体化189

International Labor Organization（ILO）国际劳工组织189

International Law Commission国际法律委员会189

international location国际区位190

international management国际管理191

international manager（evaluation）见PERFORMANCE EVALUATION（业绩评价）192

International Maritime Bureau（IMB）国际海事署192

International Maritime Organization（IMO）国际海事组织192

International Maritime Satellite Organization（INMARSAT）国际海事卫星组织192

international marketing国际营销193

International Monetary Fund（IMF）国际货币基金组织193

International organization（IOs or INTORGs）国际组织193

international patenting国际专利申请194

international planning国际规划194

international product life cycle国际产品生命周期194

international product standards 见INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION（国际标准化组织）195

international selection国际选择195

International Standards Organization（ISO）国际标准化组织196

International trade administration 见UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION（美国国际贸易署）196

International Trade Commission（ITC）国际贸易委员会196

international union国际工会196

inventory management库存管理196

investment banking投资银行业务197

investment barriers 见BARRIERS（壁垒）197

investment guarantee program投资担保项目197

investment incentives投资激励197

irrevocable letter of credit不可撤销信用证198

irrevocable transferable letter of credit不可撤销的可转让信用证198

Islamic Development Bank（ISDB）伊斯兰开发银行198

ISO 9000国际质量标准体系198

issuing bank开证行198

ITC 见INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION（国际贸易委员会）198

J199

Jamaica Agreement（Jamaica Accord）牙买加协定199

Japan Sea Basin（economic cooperation zone）日本海洋盆地（经济合作带）199

Jettison投弃199

joint venture合资企业199

just-in-time即时制200

K201

kanban看板管理201

key currency关键货币201

key industry关键产业201

kickbacks回扣201

knock-offs 见BRAND PIRACY（盗用商标）201

Kyoto Convention京都公约201

L202

Labeling贴标签202

labor agreement劳资协议202

labor contract劳动合同202

labor intensive劳动密集型202

labor law劳动法202

labor markets劳动力市场203

LAFTA 见LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION（拉美自由贸易联盟）203

Lags延迟203

LAIA 见LATIN AMERICAN INTEGRATION ASSOCIATION（拉美一体化联盟）203

land bridge大陆桥204

landed value着陆价格204

landing costs卸船费用204

Latin American Free Trade Association（LAFTA）拉美自由贸易联盟204

Latin American Integration Association（LAIA）拉美一体化联盟204

Laundering见MONEY LAUNDERING（洗钱）204

law of the sea 见 MARITIME LAW（海事法）205

LDC 见LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY（欠发达国家）205

leads提前205

leads and lags提前和延迟205

League of Arab States阿拉伯国家联盟205

least developed country（LLDC）最不发达国家205

legal system法律体系205

less developed country（LDC）欠发达国家206

less than fair value（LTFV）低于公平价格206

letter of credit（L/C）信用证207

letter of indication印鉴证明书208

level等级209

licensed production许可生产209

licensing许可经营209

licensing agreement许可协议209

licensing fees许可费209

lifetime employment终身雇佣制209

lingua franca混合语210

linkage产业间的连环关系210

liquid assets流动资产210

liquidation of entry入境清算210

liquidity流动性210

living allowance生活津贴211

LLDC 见LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY（最不发达国家）211

Lloyd′s agent劳埃德保险公司的代理211

local hire本地雇佣211

local national当地国民211

localization（of employees）员工的本地化211

localization of industry产业的本地化212

location theory区位理论212

lockout停工212

logistics物流212

long service leave长期服务假212

low context culture低语境文化213

luncheon voucher（LV）餐券213

LV 见LUNCHEON VOUCHER（餐券）213

M214

macrorisk宏观风险214

Madrid Agreement马德里协定214

managed currency管理通货214

managed float管理浮动214

managed floating exchange system管理浮动汇率体系214

managed trade管理贸易214

management contracting管理合同安排215

management contracts管理合同215

management fee管理费215

manufacturing办工厂215

maquiladora马基拉多拉216

marine insurance海事保险216

marine perils 见PERILS OF THE SEA（海滩）217

maritime law海事法、海商法、海洋法217

maritime perils见PERILS OF THE SEA（海滩）217

mark of origin原产地标志217

mark sheet标记表217

market disruption市场混乱217

market entry strategies市场进入战略218

market penetration市场渗透率220

market intelligence营销情报220

marking标志220

marking duty标记关税220

married status已婚身份220

massify大众化220

master air waybill航空主提单220

matrix organizational structure矩阵式组织结构221

mature economy成熟经济221

Medivac医疗撤离221

meet and greet见面问候221

merchant bank商业银行222

middle rate中间汇率222

MIGA 见MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY（多边投资担保机构）222

Ministry of International Trade and Industry（MITI）通产省（日本）222

MNC strategy跨国公司战略222

monetary union货币联盟224

money laundering洗钱224

money market货币市场224

money market instruments货币市场票据224

money market hedge见HEDGING（海琴、套期保值）224

most favoured nation seaeas（MFN）最惠国地位225

multicultural多文化的225

multidomestic company多国内公司225

multidomestic industry 见MULTIDOMESTIC COMPANY（多国内公司）225

multidomestic strategies多国内战略225

multilateral trade agreement多边贸易协定225

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency（MIGA）多边投资担保机构226

multilateral netting多边净额226

multimodal bill of lading多式提单226

multinational corporation（MNC）跨国公司226

multinational enterprise（MNE）多国企业227

multinational firm（MNF）见MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION（多国公司）227

multiple column tariff多栏税则227

multiple option facilities多重选择工具227

Muslim law 见CODE LAW（编码法）227

mutuality of benefits 见RECIPROCITY（互惠）227

N228

national culture国家文化228

national currency国家货币228

national treatment国民待遇228

national treatment with access国民待遇的准入228

nationalism民族主义、国家主义229

nationality image国家形象229

nationalization国有化229

negotiation谈判229

nepotism裙带关系232

netting 见MULTILATERAL NETTING（多边净额）232

newly industrialized countries（NICs）新兴工业国232

noncommodity agreement非商品协定232

nonfinancial incentives非金融性激励233

nonresident convertibility非居民兑换能力233

non-tariff barriers非关税壁垒233

North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA）北美自由贸易协定233

O234

ocean bill of lading海运提单234

offset deals 见COUNTERTRADE（对等贸易）234

offset trade 见COUNTERTRADE（对等贸易）234

offsets抵销234

offshore境外234

offshore banking境外银行业务234

offshore financial centers海外金融中心234

offshore funds海外资金235

on-board bill of lading船上提单235

on-deck bill of lading甲板提单235

OPEC 见ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES（石油输出国组织）235

open account赊帐235

open cargo policy 见CARGO INSURANCE（货物保险）235

open door treatment公平对待235

open insurance policy 见CARGO INSURANCE（货物保险）236

operational centers操作中心236

OPIC 见OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION（海外私人投资企业）236

options期权236

order bill of lading指示提单236

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OECD）经济合作与发展组织236

Organization for European Economic Cooperation（OEEC）欧洲经济合作组织237

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries（OPEC）石油输出国组织237

organizational culture组织文化237

orientation定位240

overall reciprocity全面互惠240

overbase compensation超过底薪的补偿240

Overseas Private Investment Corporation（OPIC）海外私人投资公司240

P241

Pacific Economic Cooperation Group（PECG）太平洋经济合作集团241

Pacific Rim countries环太平洋国家241

packing list装箱单241

Pan American Copyright Convention泛美版权公约241

parallel loans平行贷款241

parent company母公司242

parent country national（PCN）母国国民242

Paris Convention 见PARIS UNION（巴黎同盟）242

Paris Union巴黎同盟242

Passport护照242

Patent专利242

Patent Cooperation Treaty（PCT）专利合作条约243

pay equity工资平等243

PCN 见PARENT COUNTRY NATIONAL（母国国民）243

Peg稳住（价格）243

pegged exchange rates固定汇率243

penalty duty惩罚关税244

performance evaluation（international managers）国际经理的业绩评价244

perils of the sea海难244

permanent assignment常驻任务245

perq 见PERQUISITE（额外补贴）；FRINGE BENEFITS（额外福利）245

perquisite额外补贴245

phytosanitary inspection certificate植物检疫证书245

piggyback exporting依托式出口245

piracy盗版、海盗行为245

point-of-hire雇佣地点246

political risk政治风险246

political risk insurance政治风险保险248

political union政治联盟249

polycentric approach to hiring多中心的雇佣方式249

polycentric organization多中心组织250

portfolio foreign investment国外证券投资250

distance权力距离250

pre-departure briefing出国前的简介251

pre-shipment inspection（PSI）运输前的检查251

predatory dumping掠夺性倾销251

preferential duties优惠关税251

price escalation价格升级251

price suppression价格抑制251

Private Export Funding Corporation（PEFCO）私人出口基金公司252

Private Sector Development Program（PSDP）私人部门发展项目252

Privatization私有化252

Privatize使私人化252

Processing处理253

product life cycle 见INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE（国际产品生命周期）253

production sharing产品分享制253

pro forma invoice形式发票253

prohibitive duty禁止性关税253

protectionism保护主义253

protective duty（tariff）保护性关税253

PSI 见PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION（装船前的检查）254

public cwnership公有制254

put货币出售权254

put option货币出售期权254

Q255

quad 见QUADRILATERAL TRADE MINISTERS（四边贸易部长）255

quadrilateral trade四边贸易255

quadrilateral trade ministers四边贸易部长255

quality control circle（QCC）质量控制小组255

quality of working life劳动生活质量255

quantitative quota数量配额256

quantity controls（foreign exchange）（外汇的）数量控制256

quantity restrictions 见QUOTAS（配额）257

quarantine requirements检疫要求257

questionable payments 见BRIBERY（贿赂）257

quitas fiscal财务结算257

quota配额257

quotas（commodity agreement）见INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY AGREEMENT（国际商品协定）257

quotation报价257

quoted currency报价通知257

R258

R and R 见REST AND RELAXATION LEAVE（休息与消遣假）258

Ramadan斋月258

Rationalization合理化258

reciprocal trade agreement 见RECIPROCITY（互惠）258

reciprocity互惠258

red clause letter of credit红条款信用证259

Re-entry（employee）见REPATRIATION（归国）259

re-entry shock 见REVERSE CULTURE SHOCK（逆向文化冲击）259

re-entry visa重返签证259

reference price参考价格259

regiocentric approach to hiring区域为中心的雇佣方法259

regiocentrism区域中心主义260

regional development banks（RDBs）区域开发银行260

regional economic integration区域经济一体化260

regional structure区域结构261

regulatory cost advantage规章成本优势261

reinvoicing重新计价261

relativism，cultural and moral文化和道德相对主义261

relocation allowance迁居补贴265

relocation and orientation迁居和定位265

remitting bank托收行265

repatriation回国、汇回265

repatriation of employees员工回国266

repatriation of profits利润汇回266

reporting currency报告货币266

representative 见EXPORT AGENT（出口代理）266

resident alien 见ALIEN（外侨）266

resident buying agents常驻采购代理266

resident selling agents常驻销售代理267

rest and relaxation leave（R＆R）休息与逍遣假267

rest day休息日267

restricted market限制市场267

retaliation报复267

retaliatory duty报复性关税267

revalorization重新估价268

revaluation重新估价268

reverse culture shock逆向文化冲击268

revocable letter of credit可撤销信用证269

revolving credit facility循环信用措施269

revolving letter of credit循环信用证269

fight of entry proof of入境权利证明269

right of establishment设立机构的权利269

Round of Trade Negotia tions（RTN）贸易谈判回合269

Royalty使用费270

S271

SACUA 见SOUTHERN AFERICAN CUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENT（南部非洲关税联盟协定）271

SADCC 见SOUTHERN AFERICAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION COUNCIL（南部非洲发展协调委员会）271

safe arrival notification安全到达通知271

safeguards安全保护271

samurai bonds武士债券、外国日元债券271

sanction制裁271

secondary boycott 见BOYCOTT（联合抵制）271

sectoral reciprocity部门互惠272

Securities and Exchange Commission（SEC）证券交易委员会272

Selections of expatriates外派人员的选择272

Services服务273

settling-in allowance迁入补贴274

shippers agent托运人代理274

shipping terms运输条款274

shunto274

shutout退装（航运）275

sight documentary draft 见DOCUMENTARY DRAFT（跟单汇票）275

signatory签名人275

single status单身身份275

Societas Europaea 见EUROPEAN COMPANY（欧洲公司）275

soft currency软通货275

sogo shosha（Japan）（日本）综合商社275

sourcing采购275

Southern African Customs Union Agreement（SACUA）南部非洲关税联盟协定275

Southern African Development Coordination Council（SADCC）南部非洲发展协调委员会276

sovereign immunity国家豁免权276

specific duty从量税276

split payroll分开付薪276

staffing配备员工276

standardization标准化278

standby letter of credit备用信用证278

standby line of credit备用信贷限额279

straight bill of lading记名提单279

strategic alliance战略联盟279

strategic business units（SBUs）战略经营单元280

strategic information systems（SIS）战略信息系统280

strategic management战略管理280

strategic planning 战略计划 见STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT（战略管理）281

strike price履约价格（证券交易）281

student visa学生签证281

supranational agencies超国家的机构282

switch trade转口贸易282

SWOT analysis 见STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT（战略管理）282

syndicato（Brazil）工资指标282

T283

targeted production sectors目标生产部门283

tariff escalation关税升级283

tariff quota关税配额283

tax equalization税收均等化283

tax haven避税地284

tea money（Australia）（澳大利亚）茶钱284

term documentary draft 见DOCUMENTARY DRAFT（跟单汇票）284

third-country national（TCN）第三国国民284

Third World 见LESS DEVELOPMED COUNTRY（欠发达国家）284

third-party netting第三方净额交易284

through bill of lading直达提单285

time draft定期汇票285

time orientation时间倾向性285

TIR carnet国际公路运输证285

Tokyo Round东京回合286

total loss only 见FREE OF ALL AVERAGE（一切海损均不赔偿）；FREE OF PARTICULAR AVERAGE（平安险）286

total quality control全面质量管理286

tourist visa旅游签证289

trade barriers贸易壁垒289

trade centers贸易中心290

trade creation贸易创造290

trade diversion贸易转移290

trade fairs商品交易会290

trade financing贸易融资290

trade mission贸易访问团290

trade visitor贸易来访者291

trademark商标291

Trademark Registration Treaty（TRT）商标注册条约291

trading area贸易区291

trading bloc贸易集团291

training 见EXPATRIATE TRAINING（外派人员培训）292

tramp steamer不定期货船292

transaction exposure交易暴露292

transfer price转移价格292

transit visa过境签证292

translation exposure汇率换算风险293

Translation risk 见TRANSLATION EXPOSURE（汇率换算风险）293

transnational corporation（TNC）跨国公司293

travel time旅行时间293

travelers letter of credit旅行者信用证293

treaties条约293

Treaty of Rome罗马条约293

triangular arbitrage三地套汇、三角套汇294

trilateral trade agreement三边贸易协定294

turnkey plus project交钥匙工程294

tying clause附带条款294

U295

Unbundling分类交易295

UNCISG 见 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS（联合国国际商品销售合同会议）295

UNCITRAL 见UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW（联合国国际贸易法委员会）295

Underselling低价抛售295

understanding cultural differences理解文化差异295

unfair trade不正当贸易297

uniform bill of lading统一提单297

unilateral duty单边关税297

United Nations Center on Transnational Corporations联合国跨国公司中心297

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law（UNCITRAL）联合国国际贸易法委员会298

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods（UNCISG）联合国国际商品销售合同协定298

USITA 见UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION（美国国际贸易署）298

United States International Trade Administration（USITA） 美国国际贸易署298

universal copyright convention世界版权公约298

V300

value dimensions（Hofstede′s）（霍夫施泰德的）价值维度300

vacation allowance 见COMPENSATION PACKAGE（补偿福利）301

validated export license 见EXPORT LICNESE（出口许可证）；INDIVIDUALLY VALIDATED EXPORT LICENSE（个人有效出口许可证）301

valuation估价301

value added增值301

value-added tax（VAT）增值税302

VAT见VALUE-ADDED TAX（增值税）302

Visa签证302

voluntary quota自愿配额303

W304

WAEC 见WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY（西部非洲经济共同体）304

war risk战争风险304

warehouse receipt仓库收据304

warehouse-to-warehouse仓库到仓库304

warehousing入仓304

waybill货单304

West African Economic Community（WAEC）西部非洲经济共同体305

wharfage码头费305

wholesaler/distributor批发商/经销商305

wholly owned subsidiary全部控股的子公司305

WIPO见WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPE