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Chapter One Introduction1

1.1 Definition1

1.2 Qualification3

1.3 Criteria of Translation6

Chapter Two Strategies and Methods13

2.1 Strategies13

2.1.1 Domestication13

2.1.2 Foreignization15

2.2 Methods and Techniques19

2.2.1 Literal Translation vs Free Translation19

2.2.2 Extension25

2.2.3 Conversion30

2.2.4 Amplification36

2.2.5 Simplification43

2.2.6 Negation and Affirmation in Translation48

2.2.7 Shift Between the Concrete and the Abstract56

2.3 Dictionary and Translation59

Chapter Three Translation of Words65

3.1 Semantic Change65

3.1.1 Broadening65

3.1.2 Narrowing65

3.1.3 Melioration66

3.1.4 Deterioration66

3.1.5 Antonomasia67

3.2 Gaps in Translation68

3.2.1 Lexical Gap69

3.2.2 Semantic Gap71

3.3 Context of Situation and Word Selection75

3.3.1 Semantic Radiation75

3.3.2 Direct Context and Word Selection76

3.3.3 Indirect Context and Word Selection78

3.4 Synonyms and Choice of Words82

3.4.1 Synonyms82

3.4.2 Choice of Words85

3.5 Levels of Formality of Words and Diction89

3.5.1 Semantic Overlap and Classification of Levels of Formality of Words90

3.5.2 Levels of Formality and Diction92

3.6 Proper Use of Idioms in Translation96

3.6.1 Similarities and Diversities between Chinese and English Idioms97

3.6.2 Corresponding Idioms98

3.6.3 Partly Corresponding Idioms100

3.6.4 Modifiers Are Rendered into Idioms101

3.7 Translation of Proverbs and Two-part Allegorical Sayings106

3.7.1 Proverbs106

3.7.2 Two-part Allegorical Sayings110

3.8 Translation of Allusions113

3.8.1 Traditional Allusions113

3.8.2 New Allusions118

3.9 Translation of Culture-loaded Words121

3.9.1 Similarity and Difference of Cultural Connotations between English and Chinese Culture-loaded words122

3.9.2 Cognitive Schema Theory Applied to Translation of Culture-loaded Words125

Chapter Four Translation of Sentences130

4.1 Differences and Similarities between English and Chinese in Syntax130

4.1.1 Difference and Similarity in Sentence Order130

4.1.2 Difference and Similarity in Syntax135

4.2 Translation of Attributive Clauses141

4.3 Comparison and Contrast150

4.4 Translation of Long Sentences156

4.5 Conversion between the Passive Voice and the Active Voice163

4.5.1 Introduction163

4.5.2 Conversion between the Passive Voice and the Active Voice165

Chapter Five Translation of Various Types of Writings172

5.1 Translation of Advertisements172

5.1.1 Lexical Level172

5.1.2 Syntactic Level176

5.1.3 Rhetorical Devices178

5.2 Translation of Journalistic Texts188

5.2.1 Definition188

5.2.2 Classification188

5.2.3 Stylistic Features189

5.2.4 Major Components192

5.2.5 Translation Strategies196

5.3 Translation of English for Tourism198

5.3.1 Definition198

5.3.2 Stylistic Features198

5.3.3 Translation Strategies200

5.4 Translation of Scientific and Technical Writings202

5.4.1 Linguistic Features of Scientific and Technical Writings203

5.4.2 Increase or Decrease in Quantity210

5.5 Translation of Diplomatic Literature214

5.5.1 Features of Diplomatic Language215

5.5.2 Translation of Diplomatic Literature218

Chapter six Translation of Literary Works224

6.1 Introduction224

6.2 Fidelity to SLT Literary Messages230

6.2.1 Fidelity to Semantic Information230

6.2.2 Fidelity to Grammatical Information231

6.2.3 Fidelity to Rhetorical Information232

6.2.4 Fidelity to Pragmatic Information232

6.2.5 Fidelity to Cultural Information233

6.2.6 Fidelity to Syntactic Information234

6.2.7 Fidelity to Aesthetic Information235

6.3 Translation of Fiction239

6.3.1 Introduction239

6.3.2 Translation of Titles240

6.3.3 The Stylistic Features Reproduced in Translation241

6.4 Translation of Prose245

6.5 Translation of Poetry253

6.5.1 Opposite Opinions on Translation of Poetry253

6.5.2 Different Opinions on Subjectivity259

6.5.3 Translation of Poetry between English and Chinese260

6.6 Translation of Dramatic Texts284

6.6.1 A Performance-oriented Translation vs.A Reader-oriented Translation284

6.6.2 Text vs.Subtext289

Appendix293

翻译练习参考答案293

Bibliography310